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OCR: water at the summits of mountains. Ancient writers such as Pliny the Elder and Seneca assumed that the highest oceans were higher than the summits of the highest mountains. This assumption, based on a faulty geometric model of the earth, was not questioned by Ristoro. Whereas Ristoro believed that water rose to the mountaintops primarily by siphoning through porous earth, Leonardo considers the various densities of soil and the ability of water to penetrate them; why no more water flows in the summer, after the snows have melted, than in winter; and the actual composition of the